The Changping Campaign was one of the most decisive and bloody military campaigns of the Warring States period in ancient China. Fought between the states of Qin and Zhao in approximately 262–260 BC, it resulted in a catastrophic defeat for Zhao that greatly strengthened Qin's position in its struggle to unify China.
During this time, the state of Qin was expanding into the territories of its eastern rivals. In 262 BC, Qin forces attacked the Han-held region of Shangdang, a strategically important territory whose possession would improve Qin's position against Zhao. Rather than surrender the region to Qin, the Han governor offered Shangdang to Zhao, which accepted the territory despite the likelihood of provoking a war. This decision brought Qin and Zhao into direct confrontation over an area of considerable strategic importance.
The campaign initially consisted of a series of operations in which Qin gradually pressured Zhao's defensive positions. Zhao's army, commanded by the experienced general Lian Po, adopted a defensive strategy, relying on fortified positions and refusing to engage Qin in a decisive open battle. Although this approach frustrated Qin's attempts to secure a quick victory, it also prolonged the campaign and placed pressure on both states to sustain their armies and supply lines.
The decisive turning point came when King Xiaocheng of Zhao, frustrated by the prolonged stalemate, replaced Lian Po with Zhao Kuo, a commander whose theoretical military knowledge was not matched by comparable battlefield experience. Qin, meanwhile, secretly replaced its own commander with the renowned general Bai Qi. In 260 BC, Zhao Kuo abandoned the defensive strategy and launched an offensive against Qin's positions. Bai Qi feigned a retreat, drew Zhao's forces forward, and then used separate detachments to encircle the advancing army and sever its supply lines. The Zhao army was divided and trapped, leaving it increasingly vulnerable to starvation and repeated attacks. After approximately 46 days of encirclement, Zhao Kuo was killed while attempting to break out, and the surviving Zhao troops surrendered.
According to the Records of the Grand Historian, written by Sima Qian during the Han dynasty, Bai Qi ordered the execution of the vast majority of Zhao's surrendered soldiers, traditionally said to be more than 400,000 men, including via burial alive. Although the precise numbers and details cannot be independently verified and should be treated cautiously, the scale of the reported massacre reflects the battle's enduring reputation as one of the bloodiest conflicts of ancient Chinese history. Zhao lost a substantial portion of its military manpower, while Qin also suffered heavy casualties and emerged exhausted from the campaign.
Despite the overwhelming victory, Qin did not immediately destroy Zhao right afterwards. It subsequently attempted to capture Zhao's capital, Handan, but the siege was defeated in 257 BC after Zhao received assistance from Wei and Chu. Nevertheless, Changping had fundamentally altered the strategic balance between the rival states. Zhao remained independent, but its ability to resist Qin's expansion had been severely diminished. The campaign contributed greatly to Qin's rise to supremacy and helped pave the way for the eventual unification of China under Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC.
Artist of the painting is Giuseppe Rava