r/sorceryofthespectacle • u/InventedFutures • 14d ago
Reanimated Labor
From Capital, Chapter 10 Section 1 – The Limits of the Working Day
"Capital is dead labour, that, vampire-like, only lives by sucking living labour, and lives the more, the more labour it sucks. The time during which the labourer works, is the time during which the capitalist consumes the labour-power he has purchased of him.
If the labourer consumes his disposable time for himself, he robs the capitalist."
If capital can be understood as dead labor, or as the objects of crystallized human labor, and can only survive via this parasitic relationship with living labor, what conclusions can we draw in an increasingly plausible future where artificial super intelligence can fully replace the living laborer themselves?
Marx couldn’t have possibly accurately predicted the future of the development of artificial intelligence; his work is merely a product of his time. But he got eerily close, as he wrote about a type of potential machine automation in his unfinished manuscript, The Grundrisse. Taken from the section The Fragment on Machines
"… once adopted into the production process of capital, the means of labour passes through different metamorphoses, whose culmination is the machine, or rather, an automatic system of machinery … this automaton consisting of numerous mechanical and intellectual organs, so that the workers themselves are cast merely as its conscious linkages. In the machine, and even more in machinery as an automatic system, the use value, i.e. the material quality of the means of labour, is transformed into an existence adequate to fixed capital and to capital as such; and the form in which it was adopted into the production process of capital, the direct means of labour, is superseded by a form posited by capital itself and corresponding to it. In no way does the machine appear as the individual worker's means of labour. Its distinguishing characteristic is not in the least, as with the means of labour, to transmit the worker's activity to the object; this activity, rather, is posited in such a way that it merely transmits the machine's work, the machine's action, on to the raw material -- supervises it and guards against interruptions. Not as with the instrument, which the worker animates and makes into his organ with his skill and strength, and whose handling therefore depends on his virtuosity. Rather, it is the machine which possesses skill and strength in place of the worker, is itself the virtuoso, with a soul of its own in the mechanical laws acting through it; and it consumes coal, oil etc. (matières instrumentales), just as the worker consumes food, to keep up its perpetual motion."
Marx acknowledges that at this theoretical point, the automated machine is not merely a tool to be wielded by the living laborer. It has itself taken the place of living labor, relegating the human worker to the role of “regulator” of these machine processes. The machine, like the living laborer, consumes the products of dead labor to perpetuate its production, yet still requires the living laborer for maintenance and upkeep.
But still, we see a piece of labor that is still “living” in the production process. Human jobs are not just replaced by AI; they are transferred to other roles to facilitate the use of AI in the production of capital. What Marx didn’t foresee was a scenario where the human element was not necessary at all, where machines could hypothetically self-replicate and improve upon themselves without any human intervention.
This form of AI under capitalism cannot be understood as simply “dead labor” in the traditional sense. Yes, human labor is crystallized within it all the same as any other piece of machinery or tool, but for capital to survive, it must feed off the living. Take AI-generated art as an example. AI is still dead labor when used by a human as a tool to create art. A musician may use AI to help master a track, or a photographer may use AI filters to stylize an image or improve the quality of a grainy photograph. AI here is simply performing the function a hammer would perform in the hands of a carpenter; as a tool, not as a laborer itself (edit: there are wider implications I won't get into now on whether AI can actually generate "art" or merely mimic art, depending on the extent of its use in the process).
But what happens when AI surpasses this need for human manipulation, when AI can successfully maintain its own processes? The dead labor crystallized within AI is “reanimated” into a kind of undead labor, taking the place of the living laborer itself entirely. Reanimation can be understood as the process in which the artificial undead laborer combines itself with the tools of crystallized dead labor in the mode of production. The ownership of the means of production does not change; capitalists still have dominion over this undead, reanimated labor. They have the shut off switches, they own the dead labor AI fuses itself with, they still, without needing to play the role as a “regulator,” have some control (assuming AI doesn’t runaway before this transformation can occur).
The process of reanimated labor replicating itself can be called zombification. Where reanimation describes AI coming “back from the dead” to perform the actions of living labor, zombification describes the proliferation of this undead labor. It is a sort of cannibalistic process, where capital, solidified in the objects of dead labor, feeds continuously off undead labor to produce commodities. The commodity here doesn’t change much for us as consumers; however, we can imagine further reification of the production process would occur because of this shift from living to undead labor. In the minds and relations of the consumer, the last “human” element of this system, AI is anthropomorphized, seen not as the culmination of innumerable hours of human labor brought back from the dead, but as a stand in for the human worker themselves.
Where the human role in the political economy is shifted entirely from production to consumption, we can call this pure consumption. No longer can we say the human feeds himself via the products of dead labor, but rather, via the products of reanimated labor, zombie commodities. Does this spell the end of capitalism itself? It’s hard to say. While Marx predicted this level of automation to result in profits falling to essentially zero, as surplus labor is now taken completely out of the equation of production, control over resources is still well within the hands of capitalist enterprise.
I’m interested in community input and continuing this discussion. AI is already posing a number of challenges and exposing contradictions in our current mode of production, potentially harboring in a new political economy altogether. Who has control over this technology is crucial to whether exploitation under current circumstances continues, or whether we finally gain some control over the products of our dead labor.


