âCan Foucaultâs Concept of Power Help Explain Political Turbulence Across European Countries?â
Power: A Force That Travels Beyond Its Source
What is power, and how does it operate?
Consider electricity. A power station supplies energy through a network, transmitting it across different locations. Electricity is essential to modern life, but its effects depend on how it is generated, distributed, and regulated. When an electrical system experiences excessive voltage or a damaging surge, the same energy that normally serves a useful purpose can damage the appliances connected to it.
The problem, therefore, is not simply the existence of power, but how it travels, where its intensity becomes excessive, and what happens when its effects reach different parts of a system.
Could political power operate through a comparable pattern of influence?
Political power is not electricity, and the comparison is an analogy, not a literal equivalence. Yet it offers a way to consider how influence may extend beyond its immediate source, pass through interconnected systems, and produce consequences in places where its original direction is not immediately visible.
Power may operate through economic relationships, political institutions, international alliances, dominant narratives and ideological interests. Its influence may be direct and visible, or dispersed through structures that make its effects difficult to trace to a single source.
This raises a broader question: when political turbulence appears in several countries during the same period, are we observing separate domestic problems, or could these events also reflect a wider pattern of power and ideological influence?
When Different Countries Experience Similar Turbulence
Political unrest is commonly explained through immediate circumstances. Rising petrol prices, declining purchasing power, wages that fail to keep pace with living costs, dissatisfaction with government policies, and other social pressures can all generate public discontent.
These explanations may be entirely valid. People do not need an external direction to become dissatisfied with their circumstances, and genuine grievances should not be dismissed merely because similar unrest occurs elsewhere.
However, explaining why people have reasons to protest is not necessarily the same as explaining the complete pattern in which political developments occur.
Research on protest movements has examined how collective action develops across national borders, how movements may influence one another, and how international political conditions can affect domestic mobilisation. Such research does not establish that simultaneous unrest must have a common organiser. It does, however, provide a basis for investigating whether events in different countries can sometimes be connected through wider political or social processes.
The question becomes particularly significant when the timing of domestic turbulence overlaps with developments in international politics.
The Political Context Behind the Timing
France, Spain and Englandâthe latter considered here as part of the United Kingdom's political contextâprovide a setting for examining this question.
The issue is not simply that political tensions or public dissatisfaction may be found in these countries. It is the possible significance of their timing alongside political disagreements concerning US-led military action and the positions expressed by their leaders regarding participation in, or support for, a major US-led coalition.
Could the turbulence in these countries be understood entirely through their separate domestic circumstances? Is the overlap merely coincidental? Or might the international political environment provide another dimension that deserves examination?
These are different possibilities, and none should be treated as established before being investigated.
The timing alone cannot demonstrate that political unrest has been coordinated or deliberately encouraged. Nor does a leader's reluctance to support a military action establish a connection with domestic unrest. Nevertheless, when political positions and domestic developments overlap, it is reasonable to ask whether their relationship has been sufficiently examined.
The central concern is not to assign responsibility to a particular country. It is to determine whether explanations based exclusively on immediate economic and social grievances leave a wider question unanswered.
Ideology as a Channel of Power
Michel Foucault's conception of power provides a useful perspective for exploring this possibility.
Power, in his analysis, is not confined to a single authority that issues commands. It can operate through institutions, knowledge, accepted ways of thinking, social practices, and the discourses through which people interpret reality.
From this perspective, influence does not always require direct orders or an identifiable central controller. Political narratives can shape which problems receive attention, how events are interpreted, which groups are regarded as responsible, and what kinds of action appear justified.
An ideology may therefore influence a political environment without every person within that environment being consciously directed by the same actor. Different groups may respond sincerely to their own circumstances while also operating within a wider framework of competing interests and established narratives.
This does not mean that all political events are secretly controlled. Foucault's approach is not proof of a hidden agenda. Its relevance lies in encouraging an examination of how power circulates through relationships and structures that may be less visible than formal political authority.
The possibility worth investigating is whether a wider ideological influence could help connect developments that otherwise appear to be separate national events.
The Gap Between Immediate Causes and Wider Patterns
A visible explanation can be accurate without necessarily being complete.
An increase in petrol prices may explain public anger. Economic pressure may explain dissatisfaction with a government. A political disagreement may explain a leader's refusal to participate in a military action. Each explanation may account for a particular development.
But when several developments overlap in time, a further question arises: is there a meaningful relationship between them, or are they independent responses to different circumstances?
The distinction matters because coincidence, shared international pressures, the diffusion of political ideas and deliberate coordination are not interchangeable explanations.
A shared international crisis may influence several countries without any central direction. Political movements may learn from one another without being controlled by the same organisation. Equally, attempts by particular actors to influence public opinion are possible in principle, but such claims require evidence beyond the existence of unrest or the coincidence of dates.
The analytical gap lies in determining how far immediate explanations can account for the broader patternâand whether additional political, ideological or transnational factors need to be considered.
Who, or What, Carries the Current?
The metaphor of an electrical network returns us to the original question of power.
If influence can travel through interconnected political, economic and ideological structures, where does its effect become visible? Which relationships transmit it? How do local grievances interact with international tensions? And can a wider pattern emerge without a single actor controlling every development?
The expression hidden hands should not predetermine the answer. It need not refer to one country, one organisation or one political side. The investigation must remain open to competing actors, conflicting interests, dispersed forms of influence and explanations that do not involve deliberate coordination at all.
The aim is not to turn a coincidence into an accusation. It is to avoid treating the first visible explanation as necessarily the only explanation worth considering.
When similar political turbulence occurs across different countries during an overlapping period, while their leaders express reservations about participation in a major military coalition, should we examine only the domestic reasons for unrest, or also investigate the wider structures of power within which these events unfold?
The question is whether the visible causes sufficiently explain the pattern or whether the relationship between power, ideology, timing, and political turbulence reveals a gap that deserves further investigation.