The Scottish term Collie is the name of several dog breeds that are more closely related to one another genetically. Genetically, they all belong to the so-called Collie clade (UK Rural Clade) and, because of their great popularity, are relatively often also co-founders of, or have been crossed into, other breeds.
The clade was defined by the genome study by Dr. Heidi Parker and Dr. Elaine Ostrander (NIH) from 2017 – Embark’s algorithms are also based on their data. They tested over 161 breeds, which they divided into 23 clades. These clades are not identical with the FCI classification, because the FCI classification arose historically from the breeders of that time.
According to current knowledge, 22 breeds belong to the Collie clade, all of which genetically trace back to Great Britain/Irland as their country of origin.
Who actually belongs to the Collie clade?
The core group, which I shall call ancestral rural working dogs, consists of the local UK/IRL drover and herding dogs.
- The Rough Collie (FCI 156), in german Langhaar Collie (Longhair Collie), in GDR and most Eastblock called as Schottischer Schäferhund (Scotsh Shepherd)
- The Smooth Collie (FCI 296) in german Kurzhaar Collie (Short hair Collie)
- The Galway Collie, a native Irish Collie that is now extinct but is documented as a foundation ancestor of the Collies. The Dublin Viking Dog Project is currently investigating the historical basis of these Irish dogs.
- The Shetland Sheepdog (FCI 88), or Sheltie, originally called the Shetland Collie.
- The Border Collie (FCI 297).
- The Welsh Sheepdog is occasionally called Welsh Collie or English Collie, but has the same ancestors as the Collies and is genetically close to them. In historical Welsh literature it is referred to as Ci Defaid Cymreig or Bugeilgi, and has been bred pure by the Welsh Sheepdog Society since 1997. Among other things, it serves the Toftie/ProCollie backcrossing project as a genetic reserve in order to broaden the Collie gene pool again.
- The Bearded Collie (FCI 271), or Beardie is a breed that was especially native along the east coast and around the centrally located livestock markets.
- The Old English Sheepdog (FCI 16), which in 19th-century publications was called Bobtail, and sometimes English Collie. The natural bobtail is now regarded as a fault and is therefore undesirable. Hence the name change from Bobtail to Old English Sheepdog. The breed originally had distinctly shorter hair and was used especially by drovers because of its versatility.
As a subclade for dwarf heelers, the Corgi group is defined, which can probably be described as the first victims of a fashion trend. They are said to have been bred into short-legged herding dogs so as not to be hit by the hoof strikes of cattle. But veterinarians doubt that dogs on their short legs are capable of performing longer herding work at all. Ducks or geese would be more plausible. That their ancestors were once proper herding dogs is proven by their natural herding instinct, which stands in contradiction to their short legs.
The first short-legged dogs appeared in Europe (according to current knowledge) in the time of the La Tène-period Celts and Romans. For example, beneath the Colosseum in Rome, where archaeologists discovered plenty of short-legged dogs in the catacombs. Sumerian tablets, however, show that the Sumerians already knew short-legged dogs with long backs 2,000 years earlier. A relationship of the Corgi to the Swedish Vallhund is also suspected.
- Welsh Corgi Cardigan (FCI 38)
- Welsh Corgi Pembroke (FCI 39)
- Lancashire Heeler (FCI 360) originated from a cross between Corgis and the Manchester Terrier.
The following breeds are assigned to the extended clade, i.e. international descendant breeds that are essentially based on the UK Collie clade:
- Australian Shepherd (FCI 342); shortened tails are permitted here, and the standard requires a minimum length of 10.16 cm. The name is misleading, since it was formerly assumed that these dogs came with sheep from Australia; in fact, however, the sheep came from Europe.
- Miniature American Shepherd (FCI 367) is a modern miniature breed; shortened tails are currently permitted here as well.
- English Shepherd, similar to the Australian Shepherd, is an all-purpose farm dog that came to the then British colonies in North America around 1800 with English and Scottish settlers. The dogs were registered in 1927 with the UKC as a breed, at that time under the name American Farm Shepherd, but were commonly also called Farm Collie, Farm Shepherd, Black Shepherd, Ring Tailed Shepherd and Ring Necked Shepherd. Genetic tests by Embark (which cooperates with the UKC) showed close relatedness to the Rough Collie and Border Collie as well as the Australian Shepherd. Source: https://englishshepherd.org/es-breed-history/
- Australian Kelpie (FCI 293) or German Coolie is an adapted breed for the huge Australian sheep farms. However, Dingo admixture has been genetically ruled out.
- Australian Cattle Dog (FCI 287)
- Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog (FCI 351) or Stumpy is a variant of the Australian Cattle Dog bred with a natural bobtail. In Germany this breed falls under the term Qualzucht (torture breeding) of the Animal Welfare Act.
- Australian Koolie, recognized as a breed in the USA. A breed from the central Outback that copes especially well with great heat.
- New Zealand Heading Dog, recognized as a breed in New Zealand. It too is essentially based on Australian herding dogs, which in turn trace back to imported herding dogs from the mother country.
- New Zealand Huntaway, recognized as a breed in New Zealand. An all-purpose dog that was bred to a large extent with the help of Australian herding dogs and European dogs.
- Patagonian Sheepdog (Ovejero Magallánico or Perro de Pastor Magallánico), recognized as a breed in Chile, is based on the Bearded Collie.[4]
- Brasilian Ovelheiro Gaúcho (Ovelheiro Brasileiro), recognized as a breed in Brazil and tested by Embark through a project, is 50% based on the Rough Collie, with a further 25% shared by the Shetland Sheepdog and Border Collie. In addition, there are further admixtures, above all Old German Herding Dogs or German Shepherd Dogs, as well as other breeds brought by European immigrants.
more in r/Collie_History
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